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<h1>Adventures in NixOS - Part 1</h1>
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<div class="content__body">
<p>Almost a guide to getting started with NixOS the modern (2023) way.</p>
<p>There seems to be a shortage of written guides on the Internet for setting up NixOS
the “modern” way - Flakes + Home Manager. It doesn’t help that Nix’s official
docs are very disjointed so hopefully this will fill in some gaps that I observed
when setting it all up.</p>
<p><img src="fox.jpg" alt="meme"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Warning: NixOS is not exactly beginner friendly -
you should have familiarity installing Linux distros before trying this.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="but-why-nixos">But Why NixOS?</h2>
<p>Eh… FOMO regarding all the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=nixos+memes&tbm=isch">memes</a>.</p>
<p>There is one particular feature that is intriguing -
the ability to roll-back your entire system (not incl. BIOS) in case of a
misconfiguration or a broken update. <strong>You can’t do this with Ansible.</strong>
This allows you (in theory) to get the benefits of a rolling release as well as the
stability benefits of a traditional distro.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It takes the idea of reproducible builds, and extends it to the OS.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>For example, NixOS will present you with all previous “builds” at boot time
for you to revert to in case something gets messed up.
<img src="boot.png" alt="boot prompt"></p>
<h2 id="things-i-want-to-explore-as-part-of-this-exercise">Things I want to explore as part of this exercise:</h2>
<ol>
<li>How hard is it to go from a minimal install to productive?
At minimum I need a graphical environment with working vol, mic, camera, wifi,
and hibernation.
Is it harder than doing the same in something like Manjaro?</li>
<li>Is Wayland truly ready?</li>
<li>Try out <a href="https://github.com/djpohly/dwl"><code>dwl</code></a> (the Wayland port of <code>dwm</code> by the <a href="https://suckless.org">suckless</a> folks)</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="constraints">Constraints</h2>
<ol>
<li>I want to stick to the “Nix” way of doing things as much as possible
<em>where it makes sense to me</em>.</li>
<li>Stick to Wayland only applications as much as possible.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="spoilers-end-result">Spoilers! (End result)</h2>
<p><img src="rice.png" alt="my rice">
(Probably too ugly for r/unixporn, but works for me :)</p>
<h2 id="installation">Installation</h2>
<h3 id="getting-a-live-usb-going">Getting a Live USB going</h3>
<ul>
<li>I used the <a href="https://nixos.org/download.html#nixos-iso">minimal iso</a>.</li>
<li>Create a bootable USB with the usual - <code>sudo dd if=/path/to/iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M</code>.</li>
<li>Boot up.</li>
<li>Then start following the steps for <a href="https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-installation-manual">manual installation</a>
from the official guide to complete the install.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Make sure to give SWAP as much space as your memory capacity for hibernation to work properly.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Wifi did not work for me out of the box. So I used my phone to tether via USB.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="first-boot">First boot</h2>
<p>If everything went well, you should be presented with a TTY prompting you to login:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code>NixOS ...
Login: <your username>
Password: <your password>
</code></pre><p>Once you login, you will still just have a TTY, but we can now go ahead and start
installing our graphical environment.</p>
<h2 id="housekeeping">Housekeeping</h2>
<ul>
<li>You should have two NixOS config files in <code>/etc/nixos/</code>:</li>
</ul>
<pre tabindex="0"><code>configuration.nix
hardware-configuration.nix
</code></pre><ul>
<li>
<p>Edit the <code>configuration.nix</code> file by setting the correct values for hostname, networking, timezone and users. I also add a few basic system-wide packages here such as <code>git, rsync, neovim, htop</code> etc.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>To <em>apply and use</em> your changes to any of these files you need to run:</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo nixos-rebuild switch
</span></span></code></pre></div><ul>
<li>Since we want all our configuration to be version controlled,
I copied these files to live under my user’s config:
<code>~/.config/{nix, nixpkgs}/</code>:</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>cp /etc/nix/nix.conf ~/.config/nix/nix.conf
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>cp /etc/nixos/configuration.nix ~/.config/nixpkgs/configuration.nix
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Nix will now use these user-specific files to read its config :)</p>
<h3 id="flakes-support">Flakes Support</h3>
<p>Nix (the pkg mgr) does not come with Flakes support out-of-the-box.
So we need to enable it:</p>
<ol>
<li>In <code>~/.config/nix/nix.conf</code> add:</li>
</ol>
<pre tabindex="0"><code>experimental-features = nix-command flakes
</code></pre><ol start="2">
<li>Apply it:</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo nixos-rebuild switch
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Read about <a href="https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Flakes">Flakes</a>.</p>
<h3 id="home-manager-support">Home Manager Support</h3>
<p>Now we can install the Home-Manager flake.</p>
<ol>
<li>Init our base flake:</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>cd ~/.config/nixpkgs
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>nix flake init
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>This should generate two files:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code>flake.nix
flake.lock
</code></pre><ol start="2">
<li>Next we tell <code>flake.nix</code> to manage all our configuration (system + home) for our system:</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nix" data-lang="nix"><span style="display:flex;"><span>{
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> description <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"NixOS configuration"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> inputs <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> nixpkgs<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>url <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>url <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"github:nix-community/home-manager"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>inputs<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>nixpkgs<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>follows <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"nixpkgs"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> nixos-hardware<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>url <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"github:NixOS/nixos-hardware/master"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> };
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> outputs <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> inputs<span style="color:#f92672">@</span>{ nixpkgs<span style="color:#f92672">,</span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">,</span> nixos-hardware<span style="color:#f92672">,</span> <span style="color:#f92672">...</span> }: {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> nixosConfigurations <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e"># Change below to use your hostname from configuration.nix</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"art-sr"</span> <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> nixpkgs<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>lib<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>nixosSystem {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> system <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"x86_64-linux"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> modules <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> [
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#e6db74">./configuration.nix</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> nixos-hardware<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>nixosModules<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>framework
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>nixosModules<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>home-manager
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>useGlobalPkgs <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>useUserPackages <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e"># Change below to use your username from configuration.nix</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>users<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>kdam0 <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#f92672">import</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">./home.nix</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e"># Optionally, use home-manager.extraSpecialArgs to pass</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#75715e"># arguments to home.nix</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> }
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> ];
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> };
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> };
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> };
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote>
<p>“art-sr” is my hostname for this machine.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In my case, I also have the following two lines specifically to load settings for my hardware:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> nixos-hardware.url = "github:NixOS/nixos-hardware/master";
...
nixos-hardware.nixosModules.framework
</code></pre><p>you will need to modify these values based on your <a href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixos-hardware">hardware support</a>.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Create a <code>~/.config/nixpkgs/home.nix</code> file with your values:</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-nix" data-lang="nix"><span style="display:flex;"><span>{ config<span style="color:#f92672">,</span> pkgs<span style="color:#f92672">,</span> <span style="color:#f92672">...</span>}:
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>{
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>username <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"kdam0"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>homeDirectory <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"/home/kdam0"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> programs<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>home-manager<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>enable <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> home<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>stateVersion <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">"22.11"</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> services<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>gpg-agent <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> {
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> enable <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> defaultCacheTtl <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">1800</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> enableSshSupport <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#66d9ef">true</span>;
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> };
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>}
</span></span></code></pre></div><ol start="4">
<li>Apply:</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo nixos-rebuild switch
</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote>
<p>It took a few attempts to get NixOS to re-build successfully.
I ran into a few different issues involving users, and hostnames
while following the official docs until I arrived at the configs above which worked.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Read about <a href="https://nix-community.github.io/home-manager/index.html#ch-nix-flakes">Home Manager flake</a>.</p>
<p><strong>This would be a good time init a git repo in <code>~/.config/nixpkgs/</code> and publish your progress.</strong></p>
<h2 id="setting-up-the-gui">Setting up the GUI</h2>
<h3 id="window-manager--bar--system-info">Window Manager + bar + system info.</h3>
<p>Getting <code>dwl</code> is easy enough. In my <code>home.nix</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> home.packages = [
pkgs.dwl
...
];
</code></pre><p>This will install <code>dwl</code> on a rebuild.
Then I can run it with <code>dwl</code>.</p>
<p>Oh it fails…something about permissions…
In <code>~/.config/nixpkgs/configuration.nix</code> make sure you have:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> security.polkit.enable = true;
</code></pre><p>Oh it fails again with GLE errors :( Add:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> hardware.opengl = {
enable = true;
driSupport = true;
};
</code></pre><p><strong>Sweet now it launches!</strong></p>
<p>But of course I need to configure the keys - that’s the whole point of a WM.
Additionally, <code>dwl</code> requires a re-build on every config change…</p>
<p><strong>How do I tell Nix to use my config file while installing/building <code>dwl</code>?</strong></p>
<p>Lucking all packages (<code>pkgs.*</code>) build files are defined on their GitHub.
We can see that we are allowed to pass in a <code>conf</code> argument to
<a href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/applications/window-managers/dwl/default.nix">this</a>
file.</p>
<p>After a bit of digging around, I arrived at how to do it:</p>
<ol>
<li>First copy your <code>config.h</code> to <code>~/.config/nixpkgs/dwl/config.h</code>.</li>
<li>Then point to it in your <code>home.nix</code>:</li>
</ol>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> home.packages = [
(pkgs.dwl.override {
# trying to supply config.home.homeDirectory here leads to "impure" usage.
# so disabling it for now.
# conf = (builtins.readFile "${config.home.homeDirectory}/.config/dwl/config.h");
conf = ./dwl/config.h;
})
...
];
</code></pre><blockquote>
<p>I know I can just clone the source myself and build it, but I like to use the default
package manager whenever possible to manage packages.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Of course since <code>dwl</code> is as minimal as it gets, it does not ship with a bar.
We have many options for which bar to use,
I have very little use for a bar, so I kept it very simple and went with <code>somebar</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> home.packages = [
...
pkgs.somebar
...
];
</code></pre><p>If you want status info on your bar you can use something like <code>someblocks</code> - which will
let you script simple scripts with text output you want displayed in each block.
This will need to be cloned and built manually as it is not available in the Nix repos.</p>
<p>Oh but you probably don’t have <code>make</code> or any requirements to actually build it…fear not:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>nix-shell -p gnumake
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>which put you in a temporary environment with all the common build tools available.
Now you can:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="display:flex;"><span>sudo make install
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><code>wbg</code> is a simple background setter for Wayland……aaaand BAM!</p>
<p><img src="dwl.png" alt="dwl pic"></p>
<h3 id="terminal">Terminal</h3>
<p>I use <a href="https://codeberg.org/dnkl/foot"><code>foot</code></a>.</p>
<p>Create the config file in <code>~/.config/nixpkgs/foot/foot.ini</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code># for transparency #
[colors]
alpha=0.7
</code></pre><p>Use it in <code>home.nix</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> home.file.".config/foot/foot.ini".source = ../../common/foot/foot.ini;
</code></pre><blockquote>
<p>I use this pattern for pretty much all my <em>dotfiles</em>:</p>
</blockquote>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> # script that sets a bg.
home.file."bg.sh".source = common/bg.sh;
# script that starts my gui env.
home.file."start.sh".source = common/start.sh;
# foot config
home.file.".config/foot/foot.ini".source = common/foot/foot.ini;
# wofi config (app launcher)
home.file.".config/wofi/style.css".source = common/wofi/style.css;
# mako config (notifications)
home.file.".config/mako/config".source = common/mako/config;
</code></pre><h3 id="sound">Sound</h3>
<p>In my <code>configuration.nix</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> security.rtkit.enable = true;
services.pipewire = {
enable = true;
alsa.enable = true;
alsa.support32Bit = true;
pulse.enable = true;
wireplumber.enable = true;
media-session.enable = false;
jack.enable = true;
systemWide = false;
};
</code></pre><h3 id="nextcloud">Nextcloud</h3>
<p>I want a purely CLI way to handle this, and a periodic sync is sufficient for me.
We do this with <code>systemd-timers</code> (Nix advises against <code>cron</code>).
In my <code>home.nix</code>:</p>
<pre tabindex="0"><code> systemd.user.services = {
nextcloud-sync = {
Unit = {
Description = "Auto sync Nextcloud";
After = "network-online.target";
};
Service = {
Type = "simple";
EnvironmentFile = "${config.home.homeDirectory}/.nextcloud.env";
ExecStart = ''
${pkgs.nextcloud-client}/bin/nextcloudcmd \
-h --non-interactive \
--user "''${NEXTCLOUD_USER}" \
--password "''${NEXTCLOUD_PASSWORD}" \
''${NEXTCLOUD_DIR} \
''${NEXTCLOUD_URL}
'';
TimeoutStopSec = "180";
KillMode = "process";
KillSignal = "SIGINT";
};
Install.WantedBy = ["multi-user.target"];
};
};
systemd.user.timers = {
nextcloud-sync = {
Unit.Description = "Automatic sync files with Nextcloud when booted up after 5 minutes then rerun every 10 minutes";
Timer.OnUnitActiveSec = "10min";
Install.WantedBy = ["multi-user.target" "timers.target"];
};
};
systemd.user.startServices = true;
</code></pre><h2 id="conclusions">Conclusions</h2>
<ol>
<li>Yes setting things up from a minimal iso is harder than in Manjaro.
Although I got everything I wanted working, there were many times I felt
like giving up. (Aside: I am <em>so grateful</em> for Manjaro, and Arch wikis).
That said, I expect this friction is a one-time cost for building familiarity with Nix,
and well worth the benefits that come with it.</li>
<li>You bet Wayland is ready. Multi-monitor works out-of-the-box,
all my apps support it, and things just <em>feel</em> more polished than I have ever felt with Xorg.</li>
<li><code>dwl</code> is as awesome as I had hoped! This is my daily driver now.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="my-configs">My configs</h2>
<p>All the configs discussed (and more) are in my <a href="https://gitlab.com/kdam0/dotfiles-nix">nixdotfiles repo</a>.</p>
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2023-03-24
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